Skin cancer

Skin cancer

Skin cancer is an umbrella term for various malignant skin diseases. The most common types of skin cancer are:

• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Melanoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of cancer and can be treated very well. It begins in the deep basal cell layer of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). Exposure to the sun is the greatest risk factor for developing this type of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinomas may differ in appearance but usually consist of raised, pearly nodules.
This type of skin cancer generally does not metastasize and it is therefore very rare that a patient dies from basal cell carcinoma. However, this type of skin cancer does need to be treated because it does not spontaneously go away on its own and may continue to grow. There are various treatment options.

Click here to read more about basal cell carcinoma in Dutch.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma develops in the outer layer of the skin. As in basal cell carcinoma, exposure to the sun is a factor that plays an important role in the development of this type of skin cancer. Squamous cell carcinomas often appear as persisting rough scaly spots on the skin called actinic keratoses.
A squamous cell carcinoma also often appears as a rough bump on the skin that sometimes grows bigger. Sometimes it looks like a small wound that does not heal.
Squamous cell carcinoma can be treated by surgical removal (excision) and in some cases by radiation (radiotherapy). Squamous cell carcinoma can reoccur after treatment. As it can also spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body, it is essential to regularly check the skin after treatment.

Click here to read more about squamous cell carcinoma in Dutch.

Melanoma

Moles are pigment cells (melanocytes) that are clustered together on a spot. Melanoma occurs when melanocytes become malignant. A melanoma can occur anywhere on the body. It can develop from an existing mole, or appear as a new lesion. Any change in the shape, size, or colour of a mole – or the sudden appearance of a new dark brown or black mole – may be a sign of melanoma.

There are various risk factors for developing melanoma. As in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, exposure to the sun is a major risk factor. Other factors are a family history of melanoma and having many (atypical) moles.
Melanomas always need to be surgically removed as there is a risk that they may metastasize. The thinner the melanoma, the lower the risk of it spreading to other parts of the body.

Click here to read more about melanoma in Dutch.

Frequently Asked Questions about Skin Cancer

What are the signs of skin cancer?

The appearance of skin cancer varies by type. A basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma often looks like a bump or spot that slowly enlarges, usually in a pink or reddish color. Sometimes it appears as a sore that does not heal. A melanoma may be a new mole or an existing mole that changes in color, shape, or size. Melanomas are often dark brown to black, may have irregular borders, and can sometimes itch or bleed. Because skin cancer can look different from person to person, it is important to have suspicious spots examined by a dermatologist.

What are the causes and effects of sun and tanning bed exposure on skin cancer?

The main risk factor for skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, whether from the sun or tanning beds. Short, intense exposure that causes sunburn, especially at a young age, significantly increases the risk. Long-term and repeated exposure over the years, for example through outdoor work or frequent sun holidays, also plays an important role. In the short term, UV radiation can cause sunburn, leading to redness and sometimes blisters. In the long term, repeated exposure raises the risk of developing skin cancer and accelerates skin aging, causing wrinkles and pigmentation spots. Both natural sunlight and tanning beds emit UV radiation that can damage the skin. By using sunscreen, seeking shade, and avoiding tanning beds, you can reduce these risks.

Is skin cancer hereditary?

Most forms of skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are not directly hereditary. However, skin type is inherited, and people with fair skin have a higher risk of developing skin cancer. In some cases, melanoma can be linked to hereditary factors, especially if multiple close family members have had melanoma. A dermatologist can provide more information about hereditary risks and the need for regular skin checks.

Can anyone get skin cancer?

Yes, anyone can develop skin cancer, although the risk depends on skin type. People with fair skin burn more easily and therefore have a higher risk. Darker skin provides more natural protection, but skin cancer can also occur in people with darker skin, particularly with long-term UV exposure. For everyone, proper sun protection remains important.

How common is skin cancer?

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the Netherlands. The number of cases has risen sharply in recent years, partly due to lifestyle changes and greater sun exposure. Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent type, followed by squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Regular self-checks and professional skin examinations help with early detection.